Chapter 01

 

What is a system?

A set of interrelated components

With a clearly defined boundary

Working together

To achieve a common set of objective

 

What is an information system?

.All the components and resources necessary to deliver information and functions to the organization.

 

What is Information Technologies?

Hardware, software, networking, data management.

 

What is E-Business?

•         Using Internet technologies to empower…

•         Business processes

•         Electronic commerce

•         Collaboration within a company

•         Collaboration with customers, suppliers, and other business stakeholders

•         In essence, an online exchange of value

Types of Information Systems

•         Operations Support Systems

•         Efficiently process business transactions

•         Control industrial processes

•         Support communication and collaboration

•         Update corporate databases

•         Management Support Systems

•         Provide information as reports and displays

•         Give direct computer support to managers during decision-making

What is IS Function?

•         The IS function is…

•         A major functional area of business

•         An important contributor to operational efficiency, employee productivity, morale, customer service and satisfaction

•         A major source of information and support for decision making

•         A vital ingredient in developing competitive products and services in the global marketplace

•         A dynamic and challenging career opportunity

•         A key component of today’s networked business

write the Basic Functions of a System

•         Input

•         Capturing and assembling elements that enter the system to be processed

•         Processing

•         Transformation process that converts input into output

•         Output

•         Transferring transformed elements to their ultimate destination

What is Cybernetic System?

A cybernetic system, a self-monitoring, self-regulating system, adds feedback and control.

 

Feedback is data about the performance of a system

 

Control involves monitoring and evaluating feedback to determine whether a system is moving toward the achievement of its goal.

 

What are the Information System Resources?

•         People Resources

•         Specialists

•         End users

•         Hardware Resources

•         Machines

•         Media

•         Software Resources

•         Programs

•         Procedures

 

What is data?

Data are raw facts about physical phenomena or business transactions.

Ex: Sales data is names, quantities, and dollar amounts

 

What is information?

Information is data that has been converted into meaningful and useful context for end users.

Ex: Sales information is amount of sales by product type, sales territory, or salesperson.

 

What is IS Activities?

•         Input of data resources

•         Data entry activities

•         Processing of data into information

•         Calculations, comparisons, sorting, and so on

•         Output of information products

•         Messages, reports, forms, graphic images

•         Storage of data resources

•         Data elements and databases

•         Control of system performance

•         Monitoring and evaluating feedback

 

 

 

What do the Operations Support Systems?

•         Efficiently process business transactions

•         Control industrial processes

•         Support communications and collaboration

•         Update corporate databases

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 02

 

Write the categories of computers system.

 

Microcomputer Systems:  personal computers, Network computers, technical workstation, personal digital assistant, information applications, etc.

 

Midrange computers system: network servers, mini computers web servers, multi-user system, etc.

 

Mainframe computer system: enterprise system, super server, transaction processors, supercomputers, etc.

 

Define Workstations

•         Supports have mathematical computer and graphics display demands

•         CAD, investment and portfolio analysis

 

Define Network Servers

•         More powerful than workstations

•         Coordinates telecommunications and resource sharing

•         Supports small networks and Internet or intranet websites

 

Define Corporate PC

•         Solid performance at a reasonable price

•         Operating system ready

•         Connectivity

•         Network interface cards
or wireless capabilities

 

Computer System Concept

A system of hardware devices organized by function

•         Input

•         Keyboards, touch screens, pens, electronic mice, optical scanners

•         Converts data into electronic form for entry into computer system

•         Processing

•         Central Processing Unit (CPU)

•         CPU subunits: arithmetic-logic and control unit

•         Output

•         Video display units, printers, audio response units,
and so on

•         Converts electronic information into human-intelligible form

•         Storage

•         Primary storage (memory)

•         Secondary storage (disk drives)

•         Control

•         CPU controls other components of the system

 

 

 

 

Bit

•         Short for binary digit

•         Smallest element of data

•         Either zero or one

Byte

•         Group of eight bits, which operate as a single unit

•         Represents one character or number

Storage Capacity Measurement

•         Kilobyte (KB): one thousand bytes

•         Megabyte (MB): one million bytes

•         Gigabyte (GB): one billions bytes

•         Terabyte (TB): one trillion bytes

•         Petabyte (PB): one quadrillion bytes

 

Direct or Random Access

•         Directly store and retrieve data

•         Each storage position has a unique address and can be accessed in the same length of time

•         Semiconductor memory chips, magnetic disks

Sequential Access

•         Data is stored and retrieved sequentially

•         Must be accessed in sequence by searching through prior data

•         Magnetic tape

 

Semiconductor Memory: Microelectronic semiconductor memory chips are used for primary storage

•         Advantages: small size, fast, shock and temperature resistance

•         Disadvantages: volatility; must have uninterrupted electric power or loses memory

 

Random Access Memory (RAM)

•         Most widely used primary storage medium

•         Volatile memory

•         Read/write memory

 

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

•         Permanent storage

•         Can be read, but not overwritten

•         Frequently used programs burnt into chips during manufacturing process

•         Called firmware

Types of Magnetic Disks

•         Floppy Disks (diskettes)

•         Magnetic disk inside a plastic jacket

•         Hard Disk Drives (hard drives)

•         Magnetic disk, access arms, and read/write heads in sealed module for stable environment

•         Fixed or removable

•         Capacity from several hundred MBs to
hundreds of GBs

 

 

Chapter 03

 

Application Software

•         General Purpose

•         Programs that perform common information processing jobs for end users

•         E.g., word processing, spreadsheet

•         Also call productivity packages

•         Custom Software

•         Software applications developed within an organization for use by that organization

•         Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS)

•         Many copies sold

•         Minimal changes beyond scheduled upgrades

•         Purchasers have no control over specifications, schedule, or evolution, and no access to source code or internal documentation

•         Product vendor retains the intellectual property rights of the software

•         Open-source Software

•         Developers collaborate on the development of an application using programming standards which allow anyone to contribute to the software

•         As each developer completes a project, the application code becomes available and free to anyone who wants it

Business Application Software

•         Function-Specific Application Software

•         Thousands of these packages support specific applications of end users

•         Examples: customer relationship management, enterprise resource planning, supply chain management, Web-enabled electronic commerce

 

E-mail

•         Software to communicate by sending and receiving messages and attachments via the Internet, intranet, or extranet

 

•         Instant messaging (IM)

•         Receive electronic messages instantly

•         Weblog or blog

•         A personal website in dated log format

•         Updated with new information about a subject or range of subjects

 

Word Processing/Desktop Publishing

•         Word Processing

•         Create, edit, revise, and print documents

•         E.g., Microsoft Word, Lotus WordPro, Corel WordPerfect

•         Desktop Publishing

•         Produce printed materials that look professionally published

•         E.g., Adobe PageMaker, Microsoft Publisher, QuarkXPress

 

 

 

 

 

Operating Systems

•         Integrated system of programs that…

•         Manages the operations of the CPU

•         Controls the input/output, storage resources,
and activities of the computer system

•         Provides support services as the computer executes application programs

 

•         The operating system must be loaded and activated before other tasks can be accomplished

 

Task Management

•         Part of the operating system that manages the accomplishment of end user computing tasks

 

 

Web Languages

•         HTML

•         A page description language that creates hypertext documents for the Web

•         XML

•         Describes Web page content by applying identifying tags or contextual labels to the data

•         Java

•         Object-oriented programming language that is simple, secure, and platform independent

•         Java applets can be executed on any computer

 

 

 

 

Web Services

•         Web services are software components that are

•         Based on framework of Web and object-oriented standards and technology

•         Used to link the applications of different users and computing platforms via the Web

 

Language Translator Programs

 

•         Translate instructions written in programming languages into machine language

•         Assembler

•         Translates assembler language statement

•         Compiler

•         Translates high-level language statements

•         Interpreter

•         A compiler that translates and executes each statement in a program, one at a time

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 04

 

What is E- Commerce?

Electronic commerce or e-commerce refers to a wide range of online business activities for products and services.

 

E-commerce is the use of electronic communications and digital information processing technology in business transaction to create, transform, and redefine relationship for value creation between or among organizations, and between organization and individuals.

 

 

Categories of E-commerce

 

Ø     Transaction: an exchange of value.

Ø     Business process: the group of logical, related, and sequential activities and transaction in which businesses engage.

Ø     Telecommuting or Network: employees log in  to company computers through the internet instead of traveling to the office.

 

Electronic funds transfers ( EFTs)

Ø     also called wire transfers

Ø     electronic transmissions of account exchange information over private communications networks

 

Electronic data interchange ( EDI)

 

Ø     transmitting computer-readable data in a standard format to another business

 

Trading partners: Business that engages in EDI with each other.

 

 

 

Value-added network

Ø     Independent firm that offers connection and transaction-forwarding services to buyers and sellers engaged in EDI.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Advantage of e commerce:

 

Ø     e- Commerce can increase sales and decrease cost.

Ø     If advertising is done well on the web, it can get a firm’s promotional massage out to potential customers is very country.

Ø     Using e- commerce sales support and order-taking processes, a business can:

-reduce costs of handling sales inquiries

-provide price quotes.

 

 

Disadvantage of e commerce:

Ø     perishable grocery product are much harder to sell online

Ø     it is difficult to:

-calculate return on investment

-Integrate existing data base and transaction processing software into software that enables e- commerce.

-cultural and legal obstacles also exist.

 

Network economic structures

Network economic structures

 

Ø     neither a market nor a hierarchy

Ø     Companies coordinate their strategies, resources, and skill sets by forming long-term, stable relationship with other companies and individuals based on shared purposes.

Strategic alliances (strategic partnership)

Ø     Relationship created within the network economic structure.

 

Strategic business unit value chain

 

Value chain

Ø     A way of organizing the activities that each strategic business unit undertakers.

Primary activities include:

Ø     Designing, producing, promoting, marketing, delivering, and supporting the products or services it sells.

Supporting activities:

Ø     Human resource management and purchasing.

 

 

Commerce: Negotiated exchange of goods or services.

 

Electronic commerce: Application of new technologies to conduct business more effectively.

 

First wave of e-commerce: Ended in 2000.

 

Second Wave of e- commerce: New approaches to integrating internet technologies into business processes.


for more information about E-commerce

click here


http://wiki.media-culture.org.au/index.php/E-commerce_-_Overview_-_E-Commerce_Major_Categories